| Abstract |
coming into conflict due to increases in the populations of the two parties (Sillero-Zubiri et al., 2007). As human and wildlife distributions overlap, competition for limited resources (such as space, food and water) is likely to occur more frequently. In developing countries—such as in Africa—where agriculture is a major source of rural livelihoods (World Bank, 2007), crop damage is the most important perceived disadvantage of agricultural production (Hill, 2000), and elephants are regularly identified as the biggest threat by farmers (Parker et al., 2007). Without proper management, the conflict is likely to rise, undermining conservation efforts. Thus, human-elephant conflict (HEC) management has continued to receive attention amongst conservationist and development experts. A number of contemporary approaches aimed at reducing crop damage by elephants have been widely reported across SSA region (Hoare, 1992; Osborn & Rasmussen, 1995; King
et al., 2011), and these include the use of chilli pepper and bees. |
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